UPAYA UNESCO DALAM MERESPONS PERUSAKAN SITUS WARISAN BUDAYA DI UKRAINA TAHUN 2022-2025
DOI:
10.54443/sibatik.v4i8.3258Published:
2025-07-25Downloads
Abstract
Armed conflict not only threatens human lives, but also damages infrastructure and cultural heritage as the collective identity of a nation. Russia's invasion of Ukraine has caused damage to hundreds of cultural sites of historical, religious, and social value. As the UN agency responsible for protecting cultural heritage, UNESCO is taking action to prevent further damage, document affected sites, and rally international support for restoration efforts. This study aims to analyse how UNESCO responded to the destruction of cultural sites in Ukraine between 2022 and 2025. The theoretical framework used is cultural heritage to understand the importance of protecting cultural heritage, as well as the theory of international organisation implementation (Joachim et al., 2007) to explain the concrete efforts made in the context of armed conflict. The method used is descriptive qualitative with literature review. The research results show that UNESCO uses two approaches, namely normative (authority and legitimacy) and management (monitoring, capacity building, and problem solving). Normatively, UNESCO establishes the status of World Heritage in Danger, Enhanced Protection, and Blue Shield marking to strengthen awareness and the international legal basis. From a management perspective, UNESCO conducts monitoring in collaboration with UNITAR UNOSAT and the Executive Board, implements capacity building with ICCROM, the Getty Conservation Institute, HEART, and the Smithsonian SCRI, and carries out problem-solving through ICCROM FAR workshops, the Maidan Museum, HERI, UNESCO/ICOMOS expert missions, and international conferences. These efforts have resulted in risk assessments, digital documentation, and medium- and long-term recovery action plans. Both approaches underscore that UNESCO is not only establishing symbolic norms but also implementing concrete technical actions to ensure the sustainability of cultural heritage amid conflict.
Keywords:
UNESCO Normative Approach Management Approach International Organization Cultural Heritage UkrainaReferences
Abdillah, J. (2020). Analisis Peran Partisipasi Masyarakat dan Pemerintah Desa Dalam Upaya Pengelolaan Pelestarian Cagar Budaya di Desa Kota Kapur Kecamatan Mendo Barat Kabupaten Bangka. Jurnal Hukum Doctrinal, 5(2), 187-191. doi:https://jurnal.um-palembang.ac.id/doktrinal/article/view/2909
Asri, D. P. (2018). Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Kebudayaan Melalui World Heritage Centre UNESCO. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 25(2), 256-276. doi:https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss2.art3
Blake, J. (2000). On Defining the Cultural Heritage. International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 49(1), 61–85. doi:10.1017/S002058930006396X
Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. (2022, 12 Desember). Ukraine Received Generators from UNESCO. Hämtat från Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine: https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/mkip-ukraina-otrymala-heneratory-vid-iunesko
Euronews. (2022, Oktober 27). UN keeping track of damage to Ukrainian cultural sites with before-and-after satellite images. https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/10/27/un-keeping-track-of-damage-to-ukrainian-cultural-sites-with-before-and-after-satellite-ima
Hidayat, F., Setiyono, J., & Dwiwarno, N. (2017). Aspek-aspek hukum perlindungan situs budaya dalam perspektif hukum humaniter internasional (Studi kasus perusakan kota kuno Palmyra oleh ISIS). Diponegoro Law Journal, 6(1). http://www.ejournal-s1.undip.ac.id/index.php/dlr/
ICRC, (n.d). Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/ihl-treaties/api-1977
International Criminal Court. (2021). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/2024-05/Rome-Statute-eng.pdf
Joachim, J., Reinalda, B., & Verbeek, B. (2007). International organizations and implementation: Enforcers, managers, authorities? London: Routledge.
Kurnia, P. A. (2017). Peranan United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization (Unesco) Dalam Perlindungan Benda-Benda Bersejarah Yang Hancur Akibat Konflik Bersenjata (Studi Kasus Perlindungan Benda-Benda Bersejarah Yang Hancur Akibat Konflik Bersenjata Di Suriah. Diponegoro Law Journal, 5(4), 1-10.
Labadi, S. (2013). UNESCO, cultural heritage, and outstanding universal value: Value-based analyses of the World Heritage and Intangible Cultural Heritage Conventions. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
MCSC. (2025, 8 Maret). The UNESCO project to preserve Jewish documentary heritage in Ukraine was launched in Kyiv. Hämtat från mcsc: https://mcsc.gov.ua/en/news/the-unesco-project-to-preserve-jewish-documentary-heritage-in-ukraine-was-launched-in-kyiv/
Museums Association. (2024, February). UNESCO verifies damage to 343 cultural sites as war in Ukraine enters third year. https://www.museumsassociation.org/museums-journal/news/2024/02/unesco-verifies-damage-to-343-cultural-sites-as-war-in-ukraine-enters-third-year/
Okhrimenko, M. (2022). Protection of cultural heritage during wartime in Ukraine: Legislation and practical aspects of implementation. Law and Society Review Ukraine, 5(2), 88-103. doi:https://doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2022.1.05
Pratiwi, A. D., Harahab, I., & Madhani, V. (2022). Konflik Dalam Masyarakat Global. Education : Jurnal Sosial Humaniora Dan Pendidikan, 2(2), 80-88. doi:10.51903/education.v2i2.141
Segerberg, A. (2024). To save a cultural heritage: Lessons from a volunteer network’s support to Ukrainian cultural heritage institutions. Alexandria, 34(3), 118-125. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/09557490241230502
Shahnaz, M. P. (2017). Respons UNESCO terhadap Penghancuran Warisan Budaya Dunia di Suriah. Journal of International Relations Diponegoro, 3(4), 123-129. doi:https://doi.org/10.14710/jirud.v3i4.17688
Shield., U. C. (den 15 September 2023). Blue Shield International’s Report Documents Putin’s Potential Violations of Cultural Property Law. Hämtat från uscbs: https://uscbs.org/blue-shield-internationals-report-documents-putins-potential-violations-of-cultural-property-law/
Smith, L. (2020). Uses of Heritage (2nd uppl.). London: Routledge.
Soloviova, A. (2025, 3 Maret). Protecting cultural heritage during the war in Ukraine: legal responses and global consequences. Hämtat från Euideas: https://euideas.eui.eu/2025/03/04/protecting-cultural-heritage-during-the-war-in-ukraine-legal-responses-and-global-consequences/ den 3 Juli 2025
Sugiyono. (2018). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Szczepanowska, H. M. (2012). Conservation of cultural heritage: Key principles and approaches. London: Routledge.
Tsugorka, O., Byrkovych, T., Denysіyuk, Z., Kravchenko, A., Boyko, V., & Kotviakovskyi, Y. (2024). The role of international organizations in the protection and restoration of the cultural heritage of Ukraine in the conditions of armed aggression: Financial, economic and legal aspects. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(6), 1430-1444. doi:10.55214/25768484.v8i6.2259
UNESCO. (2025, 25 Juni). Damage and victims: Rebuilding the foundations of peace in Ukraine. https://www.unesco.org/en/ukraine-war/damages-and-victims
UNESCO. (2022, Maret 8). Endangered heritage in Ukraine: UNESCO reinforces protective measures. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/endangered-heritage-ukraine-unesco-reinforces-protective-measures
UNESCO. (2023, Januari 25). Historic Centre of Odesa inscribed on World Heritage List and List in Danger. UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2469/
UNESCO. (2023, April 13). Teaching and learning with living heritage in Ukraine. UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/news/teaching-and-learning-with-living-heritage-in-ukraine-13461
UNESCO. (2020). The 1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two Protocols (1954 and 1999). United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://en.unesco.org/protecting-heritage/convention-and-protocols/1954-hague
UNESCO. (2023, Januari 20). UNESCO trains professionals to fight against illicit trafficking of Ukrainian cultural property. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-trains-professionals-fight-against-illicit-trafficking-ukrainian-cultural-property
UNESCO. (2025, Juni 25). Damaged cultural sites in Ukraine verified by UNESCO. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/damaged-cultural-sites-ukraine-verified-unesco
UNESCO. (2025, Februari 11). UNESCO opens a new national cultural institution in Ukraine. UNESCO. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-opens-new-national-cultural-institution-ukraine
UNITAR. (2025, Februari 28). UNOSAT and UNESCO conduct advanced training on cultural heritage monitoring in Ukraine. UNITAR. https://unitar.org/about/news-stories/news/unosat-and-unesco-conduct-advanced-training-cultural-heritage-monitoring-ukraine
UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (2024). State of Conservation: The Historic Centre of Odesa (Ukraine). UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/soc/4529/
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th uppl.). London: Sage Publications.
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Dhiva Zayyana Syifa'un Nabilla, Ferdinand Arie, Yaasiinta Fajar Wulandari, Selvi Nur Islamiyah, James Arthur Siahaya, Renitha Dwi Hapsari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Downloads
How to Cite
