SAFETY CULTURE OF APPROVED TRAINING ORGANIZATIONS: BASIS FOR AN EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN MANUAL
Main Article Content
Jeric B. Abari
Richard Oliver F. Cortez
Jay A. Sario
Every Approved Training Organization (ATO) follows the safety standards imposed by the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP). As per the FAA (2023), safety culture is essential to the effectiveness of safety performance, and it will inevitably be a requisite to the general output of the organization. However, in the Philippines, there is little to no studies relating to such topic. The paper aims to find out the level of engagement and implementation of the Approved Training Organization in the Philippines (ATO). Moreover, to look into the relationship of the ATOs Safety Management System process engagement and implementation towards safety motivation, safety compliance, safety participation, and safety reporting behavior. Lastly, to find out the differences and also the variations in safety culture perception. It made use of a concurrent-embedded mixed method approach, in which the researcher presents both quantitative and qualitative data collected. In summary of the findings, there is a positive agreement resulting to a positive practice of safety culture within the surveyed aviation schools, with a strong commitment to safety policies, reporting, compliance, and participation. While, the high R-squared values for Safety Reporting Behavior and Safety Participation signified strong model fits. These results imply that the model effectively shows the difference in safety-related behaviors and participation, highlighting its reliability. Moreover, there is no significant differences in perceptions among demographic variables as to gender and functional group for safety reporting behavior, safety compliance, and safety participation across all three aviation schools. The variations or differences in perceptions among demographic variables were generally not significant, signifying a consistent safety culture regardless of gender or functional position. With the results of the study, it served as a basis in proposing a SMS policy implementation for the selected aviation schools in the Philippines.
Adjekum, D. (2017). An evaluation of the relationships between collegiate aviation safety management system initiative, self-efficacy, transformational safety leadership and safety behavior mediated by safety motivation in collegiate aviation. International Journal of Aviation, Aeronautics, and Aerospace, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.15394/ijaa.2017.1169
Adjekum, D. K., & Tous, M. F. (2020). Assessing the relationship between organizational management factors and a resilient safety culture in a collegiate aviation program with Safety Management Systems (SMS). Safety Science, Volume number(Issue number), Page range. DOI:10.1016/J.SSCI.2020.104909
Blišťanová, M., Kešeľová, M., Brůnová, Ľ. (2021) A systematic review of Safety Management System (SMS) in aviation with a focus on the safety level. Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport. 2021, 113, 29-43. ISSN: 0209-3324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2021.113.3.
Brady, T., & Stolzer, A. (2016). Emerging tools for evaluating safety management systems effectiveness. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 6(2), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.2495/SAFE-V6-N2-310-320
Britton T. (2019). Difference between Reactive, Proactive and Predictive Risk Management in Aviation SMS. Retrieved from: https://aviationsafetyblog.asms-pro.com/blog/understand-reactive-predictive-and-proactive-risk-management-in-aviation-sms#:~:text=We%20can%20understand%20the%20basic,based%20on%20past%20performance%20data.
CAAP (2019). Civil Aviation Regulations Safety Management.
Chen, C.-F., & Chen, S.-C. (2014). Measuring the effects of safety management system practices, morality leadership and self-efficacy on pilots’ safety behaviors: Safety motivation as a mediator. Safety Science, 62, 376–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2013.09.013
Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Dekker, S., & Breakey, H. (2016). ‘Just culture:’ Improving safety by achieving substantive, procedural and restorative justice. Safety Science, 85, 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2016.01.018
Federal Aviation Administration (2023). Safety Culture Assessment and Continuous Improvement in Aviation: A Literature Review
Foster, R. (2020). Safety Culture In Collegiate Aviation: A Cross-Sectional Analysis Between Multiple Universities. https://commons.und.edu/theses/3374/
Hedderly & Walking (1995). Safety-I and Safety–II: The Past and Future of Safety Management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd
ICAO (2019). Safety management manual (SMM). International Civil Aviation Organization.
Krueger, R. A., & Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
Lawrenson, A. J., & Braithwaite, G. R. (2018). Regulation or criminalisation: What determines legal standards of safety culture in commercial aviation? Safety Science, 102, 251–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.09.024
Liao, Y. (2018). Multilevel approach to organizational and group safety climate and safety performance. Safety Science, 50(9), 1847–1856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.010
López,Delgado L. (2016). Space sustainability approaches of emerging space nations: Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico. *Space Policy, 37*(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spacepol.2015.12.004
Marcgarch (2017). The influence of supervisor leadership practices and perceived group safety climate on employee safety performance. Safety Science, 50(4), 1119– 1124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2011.11.011
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
Morales & Estioko (2020). Perceptions of Nurse Managers on Patient Safety Culture and Safety Culture Maturity Level of Selected Internationally Accredited Hospitals in Metro Manila, Philippines. Trinity University of Asia.
Morse, J. M., & Niehaus, L. (2009). Mixed method design: Principles and procedures. Left Coast Press.
Robertson, M. F. (2016). Safety professional’s perception of the relationship between safety management systems and safety culture. Journal of Aviation Technology and Engineering, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.7771/2159-6670.1137
Shubham A. (2018). The Westrum Model: Measuring organizational culture. Excerpts from 2016 State of DevOps Report.
SkyBrary (2021). Predictive Risk Management. Retrieved from: https://www.skybrary.aero/articles/predictive-risk-management
SMICG (2019). Industry Safety Culture Evaluation Tool and Guidance. Safety Management International Collaboration Group.
Sorah (2012). Qualitative research: Analyzing life. SAGE Publications
Stolzer, A. J., Friend, M. A., Truong, D., Tuccio, W. A., & Aguiar, M. (2018). Measuring and evaluating safety management system effectiveness using Data Envelopment Analysis. Safety Science, 104, 55–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2017.12.037
Stolzer, A. J., Goglia, J. J., & Szabo, Stanislav & Koblen, Ivan. (2020). Safety Performance Indicators as Important Part of Safety Management System Implementation in Production Organizations of the Aviation Industry. 229-235. 10.1109/NTAD51447.2020.9379087.
Szabo, Stanislav & Koblen, Ivan. (2020). Safety Performance Indicators as Important Part of Safety Management System Implementation in Production Organizations of the Aviation Industry. 229-235. 10.1109/NTAD51447.2020.9379087.
TUV (2019). Promoting Occupational Safety and Health Culture in the Philippines. Retrieved from: https://insights.tuv.com/blog/promoting-occupational-safety-and-health-culture-in-the-philippines
Wang, H.-L. (2018). Perception of safety culture: Surveying the aviation divisions of Ministry of National Defense, Taiwan, Republic of China. Safety Science, 108, 104–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.04.022
Wittink, M. N., Dahlberg, B., Biruk, C., & Wilkinson, G. (2006). The role of human factors and safety culture in safety management. Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 209, 393–400.
Woods, D. (2015). Four concepts for resilience and the implications for the future of resilience engineering. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 141, 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2015.03.018
